Intune Cache location

Depends which channel is being used and which type of app.

Win32 apps via Intune Management Extension Agent are cached here:

C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Intune Management Extension\Content

Windows LOB apps (single MSI) pushed via MDM channel like the Intune Management Extension Agent itself are cached here during install and then deleted:

C:\Windows\system32\config\systemprofile\AppData\Local\mdm

Check the log @ C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\IntuneManagementExtension\Logs\ for more information or;
HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\IntuneManagementExtension\Apps\
HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\IntuneManagementExtension\Win32Apps\

https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/microsoft-intune/app-deployment-location/m-p/283324